Stylistics Study
Voice Effects in John Keat’s To Autumn: (A
stylistic Study of Phonology)
A Paper for Fulfilling the Final
Examination of Stylistics
Advisor :
Muzaki Afifuddin
 |
By:
Apriliyanti Shinta Dewi (15320004)
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
HUMANITES FACULTY
MAULANA MALIK BRAHIM STATE ISLAMIC
UNIVERSITY MALANG
I. Introduction
In
literary work, language is the main point to be discussed. It is caused by
language is an intrinsic element used in literary work. Language can represent
everything that happens. However, in representing everything, Authors have
their own style because the style will show the readers what theme shown in
literary work. Paul Simpson (2004) states that style can speculate the issues
that is shown in literary work because it is a stimulus of observation which is
retrievable and replicable.[1]
Language style is considered as a stimulus because it brings the reader to an
imagination. It is the imagination of something that is represented in literary
work. That’s why language style brings deep philosophical background and high
aesthetics level in literary work.
In literary criticism, language style is commonly called by
stylistics. Leech (1969) states that stylistics is styles and ways of speaking,
writing or performing something.[2] It
has five features.[3]
The first feature is phonological feature. It is an element for showing meaning
and themes viewed from sounds system used in literary work. Lodge (2009) states
that phonology deals with linguistic system especially in sound of language
that shows differences and meaning represented in text. The second feature is
lexical feature. It is language choice in writing literary work. The third is
syntactical feature. It deals on what kind of phrase, clause or sentence used
in literary works. Tallerman (1998) defines syntax as “sentence structure” how
phrases and clauses are combined in sentences[4].
Then, the forth feature is semantic feature. It deals on meaning sign used in
literary work. The last feature is morphological feature. It is the structure
of word. From all feature of stylistics, the researcher wants to focus on
phonological feature because Thomas Dylan selected poems present beautiful
sound pattern that form a theme representation.
John Keat’s To
Autumn is a poem about representation of autumn. Actually, it has been analysed
by Somayyeh Hashemi & Bahram Kazemian (2014). They found all the elements
of structure because they use dialogical approach to analyse[5].
In other hand, Thomas Phison (1979) also analysed this poem by using
phenomenology, semiotics and semiology[6].
Then, in this occasion, the researcher will analyse this poem by using stylistics.
However, the researcher will focus on phonology. Then, the research will only
analyse the assonance in the poem. The researcher chooses assonance because To
Autumn has various vowels.
In addition, this
research will be done to know how the author represents the condition that is
told through the vowel.
II. Method
To autumn by John
Keat will be analysed using the theory of Leech. He states that one of the
features of stylistics is phonological feature. It is an element for showing
meaning and themes viewed from sounds system used in literary work[7].
The phonology of English, for example, requires no alliteration, assonance,
rhyme, or metric measure in message forms but these sound patterns are
exploited in a poem to create a code for the occasion[8].
According Leech, in assonance, there are two kinds of vowel. They are long
voice and short voice. Short voices are vowels that
does not have double dot. Then, the long voice is vowels which have double dot
and diphthong.[9]
However, the
data that will be analysed is data that concern on feminism phenomena. The data
will be about consideration of the characters on woman and woman struggle.
After the data is chosen, the researcher will analyse some chosen quotation.
Then, the answer of research questions will be found. In addition, the
researcher will use qualitative method because she considers that by using
qualitative method, the analysis and finding will be more valid and good.
Analysis
“Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,
Close bosom-friend of the
maturing sun;”
/ˈsiː.zən/ /əv/ /mɪst/
/ænd/ /ˈmel.əʊ/
/ˈfruːt.fəl.nəs/,
/kləʊz/ /ˈbʊz.əm/- /frend/ /əv/ /ðə/ /məˈtʃʊər/ /sʌn/
Two lines above tell about the soft
mist which brings the warmness. The warmness is from the light of the sun. It
brings the success for all creatures. This representation is related to the assonance
above. However, in the two lines, there are fourteen short voices. In other
hand, there are only four long voices. It means, many more short voices mean
that the two lines tell that the light of sun is warm. Then, it does not use
many long voices because long voices bring the effect of strong. If the lines
use more long voices, it will not match with the theme that tells about
warmness.
“Conspiring with him how to load and
bless
With fruit the vines that round
the thatch-eves run;
To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees,
And fill all fruit with ripeness
to the core;”
/kənˈspaɪər/ /wɪð/ /hɪm/ /haʊ/ /tʊ/ /ləʊd/ /ænd/ /bles/
/wɪð/ /fruːt/
/ðə/
/vaɪn/
/ðæt/
/raʊnd/
/ðə/
/θætʃ/
- /iːvs/ /rʌn/;
/tuː/
/bend/
/wɪð/
/ˈæp.əls/ /ðə/ /mɒs’d/
/ˈkɒt.ɪdʒ/ - /triːs/,
/ænd/ /fɪl/ /ɔːl/ /fruːt//wɪð/
/raɪpnəs/ /tʊ/ /ðə/ /kɔːr/;
The lines above tell that the sun blesses the fruits
and the plant. Then, there are also many plants that grown around the tree. There
are also many moss grow on the cottage-trees. Besides, the fruits are ripe at
that time. The value told in the story is also related to the assonance that is
used in the four lines of the poem. In the four lines, there are twenty four
short vowels and thirteen long voices. The short voices bring the effect of
peace. It is same as the story tells. It is not only peace, but also the
relaxation that is felt by the creature there. The relaxation is caused by the
good nature around them. The four lines only use thirteen long vowels (the half
of short vowels) because the lines of the poem also wants to show the strength
of the sun that makes the plants grow well. So that, the thirteen short vowels brings
the effect of power. It is the power of warmness of the sun.
“To swell the gourd, and plump
the hazel shells
With a sweet kernel; to set
budding more,
And still more, later flowers for the bees,
Until they think warm days will never cease,
For summer has
o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells.”
/tʊ/ /swel/ /ðə/ /ɡʊəd/, /ænd/
/plʌmp/
/ðə/
/ˈheɪ.zəl/ /ʃel/
/wɪð/
/ə/ /swiːt/ /ˈkɜː.nəl/ ; /tʊ/ /set/ /ˈbʌd.ɪŋ/ /mɔːr/ ,
/ænd/
/stɪl/ /mɔːr/ , /ˈleɪ.tər/ /flaʊər/ /fɔːr/ /ðə/
/biːs/,
/ʌnˈtɪl/ /ðeɪ/ /θɪŋk/ /wɔːm/ /deɪs/ /wɪl/
/ˈnev.ər/ /siːs/,
/fɔːr/ /ˈsʌm.ər/ /hæz/ /əʊər/ -
/brɪmd/ /ðeər/ /ˈklæm.i/ /sel/ .
The five lines above are telling that the gourds
and hazels at that time also grow. Then, the flowers also rise. The bees are
very happy. They think that the warmness will never end. This summer makes all
plants grow because of the clammy cells. However, there are twenty eight short vowels
and nineteen long vowels. It means the short voices bring the effect of peace.
It is same as the story tells. It is not only peace, but also the relaxation
that is felt by the creature there. The relaxation is caused by the good nature
around them. The five lines only use nineteen long vowels because the lines of
the poem also wants to show the strength of the sun that makes the plants grow
well. So that, the nineteen short vowels brings the effect of power. It is the
power of warmness of the sun.
Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?
Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find
Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by
the winnowing wind;”
/huː/
/hæθ/ /nɒt/ /siːn/
/ðiː/ /ɒft/ /əˈmɪd/ /ðaɪ/
/stɔːr/ ?
/ˈsʌm.taɪmz/ /huːˈev.ər/ /siːks/ /əˈbrɔːd/
/meɪ/ /faɪnd/
/ðiː/ /ˈsɪt.ɪŋ/
/ˈkeə.ləs/ /ɒn/ /ə/ /ˈɡræn.ər.i/ /flɔːr/,
/ðaɪ/ /heər/ /sɒft/- /lɪft/
/baɪ/ /ðə/ /ˈwɪn.əʊ/
/wɪnd/ ;
In that
season, people are crowded to go the store. They are shopping. There are also
many people who sit enjoy on the granary floor. Their hairs are soft lifted
because of the soft wind. However, the five lines present twenty three short
vowels and seventeen long vowels. The more short vowels bring the effect that
people are very enjoying with the situation and condition at that time. It is
because they are in harvest time. The effect of soft short vowels is the
feeling that when the reader read it, the reader will feel the enjoying and
relax condition. The relaxation is caused by soft wind (that is told in the
poem) that goes along the day. Besides, there are also many long vowels in the
four lines. It is caused by the poem also presents the condition of the harvest
time. The harvest brings the very good power for people around there. Because
of the power of the harvest, people can live save.
“Or on a
half-reap'd furrow sound asleep,
Drows'd
with the fume of poppies, while thy hook
Spares
the next swath and all its twined flowers:”
/ɔːr/ /ɒn/ /ə/ /hɑːf/ - /riːpd/ /ˈfʌr.əʊ/
/saʊnd/ /əˈsliːp/,
/draʊz’d///wɪð//ðə/ /fjuːm/
/əv/ /ˈpɒp.is/, /waɪl/
/ðaɪ/ /hʊk/
/speərs//ðə/ /nekst/ /swɑθ//ɔːl/ /ɪts/
/twɪn/ /flaʊər/:
The lines above are telling about the condition of yard after
harvest. At that time, the yards are quiet. Many people are drowsed because of
poppies. Then, people at that time are busy to spare the swath for their future
plant. The theme is related to the vowels that are presented by author. The
author presents fifteen short vowels and eleven log vowels. The short vowels
are many more because the author wants to give effects to reader to enjoy the
poppies and the silent yard. However, every short vowel has the effect of relax
and its character is soft. It very matches to bring the effect of drowsing and
silence. Then, the long voice is also many but they are not as many as the
short voice because the author wants to give the effect of the spirit of the
people in planting after harvest. After the harvest, the people are busy to
spares swatch for the future plants. And also the long vowels wants to presents
the strength of the smell of poppies which brings big effect to people there.
The effect is people is drowsing and the yards are silent.
“And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost
keep
Steady thy laden head
across a brook;
Or by a cyder-press, with patient
look,
Thou watchest
the last oozings hours by hours.”
/ænd/ /ˈsʌm.taɪmz/ /laɪk/ /ə/ /ɡliːnr/ /ðaʊ/ /dʌst/ /kiːp/
/ˈsted.i/ /ðaɪ/
/ˈleɪ.dən/ /hed/
/əˈkrɒs/ /ə/ /brʊk/;
/ɔːr/ /baɪ/
/ˈsaɪ.dər/ -
/pres/, /wɪð/ /ˈpeɪ.ʃənt/ /lʊk/,
/ðaʊ/ /wɒtʃ/ /ðə/
/lɑːst/ /uːzɪŋ/ /aʊər/ /baɪ//aʊər/ .
The four
lines above tell that people there are collecting the thous. When collecting
the thous, they are very enjoy. They go across the river whether they collect
the thous. Besides collecting the thous, they also collect the cyder-presses.
This condition can be felt by the readers through feeling the sound like vowels
of the poem. The poem presents twenty short vowels and seventeen long vowels.
Many more short vowels used in the four lines for bringing the effect of save.
The save can be felt when people collecting the thous and cyder-press. People
there enjoy the time because they feel happy and save. Then, the use of long
vowels are also many because the author also wants to bring the effect of
strong spirit. The spirit affects people there to collect the thous and
cyder-press. However, the author wants to presents the spirit to the reader while
the readers read the lines of the poem. So that, the readers will feel like the
people that are told in the poem.
“Where are the songs of spring? Ay, Where are
they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy
music too,—
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying
day,
And touch
the stubble-plains with rosy hue;”
/weər / /ɑːr/
/ðə/ /sɒŋs/
/əv//sprɪŋ/ ? /aI/, /weər / /ɑːr/ /ðeɪ/?
/θɪŋk/ /nɒt/
/əv/ /ðem/, /hæst/ /ðaɪ / /ˈmjuː.zɪk/ /
/tuː/,
/waɪl/ /bɑːd/ /klaʊd/
/bluːm/ /ðə/ /sɒft/
- /ˈdaɪ.ɪŋ/ /deɪ/ ,
/ænd/ /tʌtʃ/
/ðə/ /ˈstʌb.əl/- /pleɪns/ /wɪð/
/ˈrəʊ.zi/
/hjuː/;
The quotation above tells that the autumn also has
the music. When autumn, the clouds bloom like beautiful flowers. The cloud is
rosy-hue. However, if is related to the vowels that are used, the author wants
to presents the more effects in save and beauty. It is proved by the using of
more short vowels. The short vowels bring the save feeling. The save is because
the sky is very beautiful and it is added by the music of the autumn. The
author uses twenty short vowels for representing the save and beauty. In other
hand, the author also represents the condition which is very beautiful. The
author wants to bring stressing in the beautifulness. So that, he represents
the very beautiful condition by using many long vowels. The author uses
seventeen long vowels for representing it.
Conclusion
John Kate’s To Autumn is a poem about nature. The
author tells about the condition of the nature in autumn. The nature condition
is very good. it can be seen from the description in the poem. The poem tells
that the season is clammy
and fresh season. In this season, the sun is not too hot. The sun is like
friend for all creatures. The sun blesses all creatures. It makes the fruit
grown and thatches go around. Then, the apple tree bends. There are also many
mosses which grow on the trees. Not only that, the fruits also become ripe
until the core. However, the gourds also swells and the shells hazels plump
with the sweet kernel. In this season, many flowers rise. It makes the bees fell
happy and never think that the warm day will never stop. For describing that
condition, the author use more short vowels. It is because short vowels bring
effect of save and calmness. The save and calmness can also be felt when the
readers read the poem. So that, the author use more short vowels.
Then, in the second stanza, the poem tells about the condition of
the society. When the autumn comes, the society will go away from their houses
and seldom go to the store for shopping. Then, they sit calmly on a granary
floor. Their hair is raised by the winnowing wind. Then, there is no sound in a
half reaped fallow. In the fallow, there are poppies that make society becomes
drowse. In this season, they spare their swatch and sometimes they collect
reeds. Furthermore, the society also happy because they are calm and head
across a brook. They a patiently wait for the cyder grow. During do it, they
wait for the times go on. For representing the feeling like the story that is
told in the poem, the author little bit balancing between long and short
vowels. The short vowels are for representing the save but the long vowels can
represent the spirit of the people in preparing to plant the future plants and
collecting the result of the harvest.
In addition, the third stanza tells that the autumn also has music.
During the autumn, the cloud blooms and becomes rosy hue. The mourns sound
their choir in the sallow river. The lambs also bleat, the crickets also sing
on hedge. Then, the breast also whistles. All sounds swallow twitter. However, in
this stanza, the author does not represent the condition through the vowels. Furthermore,
the author represents the condition through mentioning animals.
Reference
Bilal, Laraib, Musafa, Iqbal, Kundi. 2012. Stylistics
Analysis of The Voice.
Geoffrey, Leech. 1969. A Linguistic Guide to
English Poetry. London: Longman.
Hashemi,
Somayyeh. Kazemian ,Bahram .2014. A
Dialogical Nature Of Structure In Keats’s Odes As A Circular Escape From Pain
To Pleasure: A Bakhtinian Perspective. Journal. Islamic Azad University: Iran
Journal. Sargodha: Macrothink Institute.
Phison, Thomas .1979. A Phenomenological
Approach to Keats's Ode "To Autumn," in Phenomenology,
Structuralism, and Semiology. Associated University Press; New Jersey.
Simpson,
Paul. 2004. Introduction Key Concept in Stylistics. London: Rouledge.
Tallerman, M. 1998. Language in Literature: An
Introduction to Stylistics. London: Hodder
Ufot, Bassey Garvey. 2013. Phonology and Stylistics:
A Phonaesthetic Study of Gray’s ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’.
Journal. University of Uyo: Nigeria.
[3] Bilal,
Laraib, Musafa, Iqbal, Kundi. 2012. Stylistics Analysis of The Voice.
Journal. Sargodha: Macrothink Institute.
[5] Hashemi, Somayyeh. Kazemian ,Bahram .2014. A Dialogical
Nature Of Structure In Keats’s Odes As A Circular Escape From Pain To Pleasure:
A Bakhtinian Perspective. Journal. Islamic Azad
University: Iran
[6] Phison,
Thomas .1979. A Phenomenological
Approach to Keats's Ode "To Autumn," in Phenomenology,
Structuralism, and Semiology. Associated
University Press; New Jersey.
[7] Bilal,
Laraib, Musafa, Iqbal, Kundi. 2012. Stylistics Analysis of The Voice.
Journal. Sargodha: Macrothink Institute.
[8] Ufot, Bassey Garvey. 2013. Phonology and Stylistics: A Phonaesthetic Study of Gray’s ‘Elegy
Written in a Country Churchyard’. Journal. University of Uyo:
Nigeria.
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